France · China · India · U.S. · Singapore · Georgetown CSET
2) Policymakers often reference a false dichotomy of fully open or fully closed sovereign AI—in reality
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3) Fragmented stacks will highlight issues such as interoperability, regulatory divergence, and the tradeoffs of economic costs and innovation.
Key facts
- India also hosted the India AI Impact Summit in February 2026, marking the first large-scale global AI event in the Global South to discuss AI regulation, safety, and inclusive development
- The AI landscape has become starkly bipolar: the U.S. controls 75% of global AI compute while China accounts for 15%, leaving other countries in a web of weaponized interdependence
- The United States’ 2025 AI Action Plan promotes bolstering the stack domestically by expanding data center capacity, investing in semiconductor manufacturing, scaling energy infrastructure
- Compared to China, India is more reliant on the United States for key components of the tech stack (i.e., GPUs from NVIDIA and AMD and AWS Cloud Infrastructure)
Summary
This piece offers a two-pronged framework for assessing sovereign AI based on why states pursue it and how they do so. Real-world AI technology stacks are hybrid. The reporter present five country case studies that trace the distinct pathways taken toward sovereign AI, taking a look at the United States, China, France, India, and Singapore. 1) States pursue sovereign AI for various reasons—the country case studies outline both complementary and divergent motivations between states.