Google · Meta · New York · MIT Technology Review
Otherwise, this imagery may be found by an organization like Takedown Piracy
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US copyright violations can be challenging to prove if someone’s body lacks distinguishing features, says Reba Rocket, Takedown Piracy’s chief operating and marketing officer.
Key facts
- As Jennifer, now 37 and a psychotherapist working in New York City, says: “There’s never any discussion about Whose body
- When Jennifer got a job doing research for a nonprofit in 2023, she ran her new professional headshot through a facial recognition program
- Deepfakes in fact earned their name back in November 2017, when someone with the Reddit username “deepfakes” uploaded videos showing faces of stars like Scarlett Johansson and Gal Gadot pasted
- When, later in the decade, deepfakes of Gal Gadot and Emma Watson caused something of a broader panic, their faces were allegedly swapped onto the bodies of the porn actors Pepper XO and Mary Moody
Summary
When Jennifer got a job doing research for a nonprofit in 2023, she ran her new professional headshot through a facial recognition program. “At first, I thought it was a different person,” says Jennifer, who is being identified by a pseudonym to protect her privacy. But then she recognized a distinctly garish background from a video she’d shot around 2013, and she realized: “Somebody used me in a deepfake.” Eerily, the facial recognition tech had identified her because the image still contained some of Jennifer’s features—her cheekbones, her brow, the shape of her chin. Conversations about sexualized deepfakes—which fall under the umbrella of nonconsensual intimate imagery, or NCII—most often center on the people whose faces are featured doing something they didn’t do or on bodies that aren’t theirs.